Hobbesian view of The Lord of Flies Essays - John Locke, Atomists

Abstract Lord of the Flies is the representative work by British author William Golding. This short story gives a depiction of a group of British boys who strand on a deserted island and try to work out civilization on it, ending up a tragedy. Meanwhile, the way in which the boys work out civilization out of a primitive state share something in common with the classic political theories, namely, the State of Nature and Social contract first proposed by British philosopher Thomas Hobbes. One of the main characters in the book, Jack grabs all the power and transforms himself into the Hobbesian sea monster the Leviathan. Thus its appropriate to have an analysis on Lord of the Flies from political philosophy perspective. My paper would lay emphasis on how Hobbes two main theories are reflected in Goldings text, which can seen as a preview of what the Hobbesian Absolute Power, when running amok, could bring. Key words: Deserted Island, Thomas Hobbes, the State of Nature , the Social Contract , Absolute Power

Critique the film A Prophet directed by Jacques Audiard

Critique the film A Prophet directed by Jacques Audiard The film A Prophet directed by Jacques Audiard explores the life of a French Algerian who is confronted with cruel prison life that often deprives a person of his humanity. In particular, the authors of this movie attempt to show how an individual can be forced into the conflict between ethnic or religious groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critique the film A Prophet directed by Jacques Audiard specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More importantly, it explores the interactions between individuals in an environment where hostility and hatred shape people’s behavior, decisions and attitudes toward others. Moreover, one can say that this movie is related to such a process as globalization that mergers the boundaries between states or nationalities. Nevertheless, this process does not eliminate the segregation between different groups. Overall, A Prophet is a film that examines the influence of inequality or pow er struggles within the modern globalized society. By looking at this film from this perspective, one can better understand the characters, their behavior and relations with others. The main character Malik can be regarded as an individual who does not have an opportunity to become a full-fledged member of the community. He is one of those people who suffer from economic inequality. One of the most striking details that attract attention is that Malik is an illiterate person at the age of nineteen, and he can hardly expect to find employment. To a great extent, this example indicates that Malik occupies an extremely low status within the community. Moreover, his lack of education deprives him of any opportunity to achieve any progress. Such an individual is more likely to commit a crime and eventually become imprisoned. It is possible to say that A Prophet describes the experiences of many young people in France, especially if they are the descendants of immigrants. This is one of t he main points that should be kept in mind by the viewers of this film. Additionally, the movie reflects some of the ideas expressed by Arjun Appadurai who introduces the concept of different scapes (Appadurai, 1990). For example, one can speak about such a term as ethnoscape that includes refugees, guest workers, tourists, immigrants, and so forth (Appadurai, 1990, p. 52).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This notion can be used to describe the movement of people across national borders in the globalized world. It is very difficult to say what kind of place Malik occupies in this ethnospace because he is not fully integrated into the French society. This situation can be partly explained by his origins. Apart from that, this film shows how ethnic differences affect the distribution of power within the prison. In particular, Malik understand that he has to choose between two opposing factions, namely Corsicans and Muslims. The main issue is that he does not want to be involved in this struggle, but he has to do so in order to save his life. In facts, such dilemmas are encountered by many people who live in the modern globalized society, which becomes very segregated. Therefore, A Prophet reflects the complexities of the modern societies in which cultural or national boundaries are often erased. Moreover, one can speak about the existence of the financescapes which is also one of the notions discussed by Arjun Appadurai (1990). This notion can be interpreted as the disposition and flow of capital in the world in which the country (Apparurai, 1990). In particular, the film demonstrates that this disposition of capital is unequal; more importantly, this inequality can be partly explained by the ethnic, racial, or religious differences among people. Although the authors of A Prophet do not emphasize this issue in their film, this movie indicates that p eople representing ethnic minorities such as African immigrants and Corsicans do not have many economic opportunities in the society. Therefore, this movie demonstrates that different scapes can be closely interwoven with one another. One of the problems that are often discussed by scholars is the idea of Orientalism or the study of Eastern cultures which was developed in the nineteenth century (Said, 1979, p. 47). In many cases, it deliberately misrepresents the customs, values, and traditions of the Asia, Middle East as well as Africa.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critique the film A Prophet directed by Jacques Audiard specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This construction of Eastern cultures led to the creation of many stereotypes about Arab people or other immigrants from Africa (Said, 1979). Apart from that, these stereotypes affect the decisions of policy-makers, legislators, or governmental officials who can a ffect the lives of many people. This is one of the reasons why many African-immigrants can be discriminated. The film A Prophet focuses on the problem of discrimination in contemporary France. For example, Malik decides to change his name to Jean-Philippe because a person with a French-sounding name has more opportunities when seeking employment. So, Malik has to abandon a part of his identity in order to climb the social ladder and attain success. This is one of the details that viewers should consider when analyzing this film. Certainly, A Prophet cannot be regarded as a film that is only aimed at exploring various aspects of globalization, economic inequalities, or racial discrimination. The film-makers wanted to focus on the experiences of Malik, his response to prison life, and his efforts to retain his humanity. Nevertheless, this movie can give viewers deep insights into the modern life in France or any other country with large immigrant population. It is often argued that gl obalization can make the world more interconnected and homogeneous (Ferguson, 2006). Nevertheless, contemporary societies still remain very heterogeneous. For example, this film shows how difficult it is for a person to remain above ethnic or religious conflicts. Malik, who follows the order of a Corsican gangster, is perceived as a traitor by other Muslim prisoners. The challenges faced by this character demonstrate that religious or ethnic affiliations still play an important even in the globalized world. This is why it is not permissible to say that globalization has made modern communities conflict-free. More likely, it has given rise to various hostilities among people. This is one of the main problems that affect the life of a modern community.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, A Prophet enables the viewers to understand the complexities of the globalized world which has become extremely interconnected. In particular, it shows that people, living in globalized communities can be alienated from others because of their ethnic or religious differences. More importantly, these differences can explain different forms of inequality in contemporary societies. Malik, who is the main character of this movie, is an individual who has to save one’s life and integrate into the community where the worth of an individual is assessed according to his/her race, nationality, religion or ethnicity. This is one of the main issues that this movie explores. Reference List Appadurai, A. (1990) Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy. London: Theory, Culture and Society. Ferguson, J. (2006). Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham: Duke University Press. Said. E. (1979). Orientalism. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Grou p.

The J.C. Penney Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The J.C. Penney Case - Assignment Example Having said the above, it would also be stressed that the fact that the components of the new business model worked together did not necessarily mean that they could achieve the goal for which they were set. It cannot also be said that the components could lead to the expected results of the company. The lapses came because there were some key components that were missing from what was institutionalized. More specifically, the new business model had eliminated the role of customers as there was no market research leading up to the implementation of the model. Meanwhile, customers have been identified as very important stakeholders in the success of any business model (Ofek & Avery, 2012).One major deficiency that can be seen from the administration of Johnson is that its business model was totally disjointed from its pricing strategy. As a matter of fact, the aggressive sales expert team that was institutionalized as a result of the new business model could have functioned best if th ere were specific promotions they were championing. The business model was however brought in place after the old pricing strategy which was the high-low pricing strategy had been scrapped. This created a total disconnect between the business model and the pricing strategy because there was virtually no promotion in place for the sales experts to pursue. Meanwhile, the customer base of the company had repeated given signal to the fact that it preferred to have promotional sales in place.

DISC Platinum Rule Profile Assessment Pt.2 Essay

DISC Platinum Rule Profile Assessment Pt.2 - Essay Example The sub styles of Steadiness styles are the Relater, the Specialist, the Go-Getter, and the Harmonizer. Similarly, the sub styles for Cautious styles include the Thinker, the Master-Minder, the Assessor, and the Perfecter. Behavioral Styles Dominance styles tend to be goal-focused and fast-paced. Dominance styles control other people, like to achieve goals and objectives, whereas Interactive styles are relationship focused and are friendly towards their relationships. The optimism of Interactive styles helps them build purposeful alliances with other people. Steadiness styles have strong social networks and are supportive individuals, whereas Cautious styles are systematic and analytical individuals, who like to solve problems by perfecting the processes and working towards concrete results. Impact on Entire Team Dominant styles are goal focused. They do not like delays and motivate the team members to work with full dedication in order to achieve the goals within time. Interactive s tyles are friendly and possess excellent communication skills, which help them work effectively as individuals and as groups as well. Steadiness styles are loyal employees and excellent team players, who achieve team goals in a successful manner. Cautious styles are reliable and deliberate decision-makers.

The Meaning of Life Essay Example for Free

The Meaning of Life Essay The meaning of life, defined by Victor E. Frankl, is the will to find your meaning in life. It is not the meaning of life in general, but rather the specific meaning of a persons life at a given moment. He believes that if you are approached with the question of what is the meaning of my life or in this case, life is meaningless, then you should reverse the question to that person asking the question. For example: What are you bringing to me? What are you as an individual contributing to this life? This forces the person in question to take a look at themselves and to ultimately be responsible. Frankl says that if you are a responsible member of society than the meaning of life transcends from yourself rather from your own psyche. He also says that if we for some reason cannot find meaning within ourselves it has to be from some outside source. This is referred to as service. And an example of this is love. Victor Frankl describes three ways in which we can discover the meaning of life; Creating work-doing a deed, experiencing something-someone, and by the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering. There are several reasons why a person could be feeling that their life is meaningless or has no meaning. According to Victor Frankl these reasons could be existential frustration, existential vacuum, and the meaning of suffering. Frankl breaks down the meaning of existential frustration as so, it can be referred to as existence itself ? the specifically mode of being, the meaning of existence, and striving to find concrete meaning in personal existence, which is the will to meaning. Existence itself, in simpler terms is just existing and the human mode itself. The meaning of existence is the question in which we often ask ourselves; Why are we here? When we strive to find concrete meaning in personal existence, we are looking for the personal meaning for existence. Basically what Frankl is saying is that when we are dealing wit the existential frustration we are looking for given meaning that isnt there. (There is no meaning). On the other hand there is the existential vacuum, which is when you cannot find meaning in your life. Frankl says that the existential vacuum manifests itself mainly in the state of boredom. Its when you feel that you have no structure in your life, no one telling you what to do, your not learning anything, and basically your not doing anything with your life. Because of this youre going to become a conformist or a totalitarian, which is either doing what everyone else does or doing what people tell you to do. Youre not thinking for yourself. Youre also going to become bored. In the state of boredom the person can start to see life as meaningless, esp. the person questioning the meaning of their life. They start to question themselves and wonder what their purpose and meaning of their life is. This boredom can be a result of condition called Sunday Neurosis. Sunday Neurosis takes place when a person has worked hard all week long or for many days on end. (We know this as a result of tension; its what drives us and keeps us going. It promotes meaning and gives us goals. It is not the same as stress, because stress is an overabundance of tension. ) Then a day comes along when you have nothing planned, nothing going on and you dont know what to do with yourself. Therefore boredom results and when there is boredom there is no meaning. And when there is no meaning we fill that emptiness with negative things, like money, power, and pleasure, basically we get into trouble. The meaning of suffering is another reason why a person might be questioning the meaning of their life. Frankl says that one of the basic aspects of logotherapy that mans main concern is not to gain pleasure or to avoid pain, but to see the meaning of his life. This is why man is willing to suffer in order to find a meaning for his life. But he also says that suffering is not necessary to find meaning in life. Although suffering is inevitably unavoidable, and if it was it would be meaningful to remove it, because it wouldnt make much sense not to do so. Another aspect about suffering is that it stops being suffering the moment we find meaning in it. Now that possible reasons for why a person may be feeling that their life has no meaning has been addressed, here are some possible solutions that Frankl might suggest. Once the person has discovered why their life is meaningless they need to rediscover their meaning that they lost. They could ask themselves a question like, what was I born with and what is the greater meaning in that? Because it is believed that youre born with a meaning that every single person on this Earth is born with a meaning. Life doesnt owe you anything. Basically youre the responsible one for all the stuff you put out into the world during your life. Another thing that he might talk about is what the person does everyday. If they arent doing anything with their life he might suggest them getting involved with something to help create tension. Since tension drives us and pushes us to reach our goals, it helps give us meaning. Frankl also sees responsible-ness as the essence of human existence. He says that everyman has a specific, unique job in life that he is too fulfill an that no one else can do this or replace this one person in the same way. As each situation in life represents a challenge to man and presents a problem for him to solve, the question of the meaning of life may actually be reversed. Each man is questioned by life and he can only answer to life by answering for his own life; he can only respond be being responsible. Frankl also says, Live as if were living already for the second time, and as if you had acted the first time as wrongly as you were about to act now! If it was me taking this person, sitting them down, after analyzing what could have caused this sense of unmeaning in their life, I would look at the options of how to find meaning. I agree with Frankl when he talks about meaning as tension and responsibility. I also agree with him when he discusses his views on how everyone is born with meaning and that everyone has a set occupation or vocation on life. I believe that everyone is unique in his or her own way. Therefore why should everyones lives be the same and have the same meaning. They dont. We are born with meaning and we have to find that meaning through our actions and our drive to live life and our interactions with the people and the things around us. Usually when I am presented with material in school I tend to form my opinion by looking at both sides if an issue, because there are usually two sides to every story. But by looking at Frankl and examining what he has to say about the meaning of life, suffering, love, frustration, boredom, tension, etc, I have rally gained a lot of knowledge that almost is common sense. If you sit and take the time to read the material through thoroughly you can see exactly where he is coming from. Hell take a difficult situation, such as suffering, and turn it completely around. As far as suffering goes I try to do the same thing, in a way. When Mark Felice died last October it crushed me. But I tried to look at the positive side and say well, his suffering is over and he was here to teach us how to live to be stronger and better people. Through our suffering, over the loss of his life, we ended his suffering. This is kind of what Frankl does, he turns things around and makes you view things from a different perspective. I like his way of thinking because its not always something that I would think of off the top of my head. Overall, I enjoyed the book although it was difficult at times to read, but I think I gained knowledge from it and see different ways to look at things now.

The positives and negatives of Mold

The positives and negatives of Mold When you hear the word mold, what comes to mind? Is it something green, fuzzy, and squishy? Do you immediately want to throw it away? Do you run screaming from the room or duck and hide? If you are a scientist, you will look more closely. You will look at mold in a different way, through different eyes. Mold is a whole new world to explore. It is important to understand what mold is, its harmful effects and its possible benefits. What is mold? In the American Heritage Dictionary, mold is any of various fungous growths often causing disintegration of organic matter. Molds are classified as part of the kingdom fungi (Ammirati, par. 6). They fall into the divisions Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota (Ammirati, para. 6). Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant or animal matter (USDA, par. 1). They are made up of multiple cells and can sometimes be seen with the naked eye (USDA, par. 2). Unlike other plants, mold has no chlorophyll, but rather it lives on food or decaying matter (Ammirati, par. 1). When mold appears on food, it can be greenish in color, or white and cotton-like in appearance. Mold has at least three parts which include the root threads, which invade the food it lives on; the stalk, which rises above the food, and the spores which form at the ends of the stalks which give the mold its color (USDA, par. 2). Mold develops from spores, which when they are dry, float through the air until they find suitable conditions to start the growth cycle again. (USDA, par. 8). When a mold spore lands on damp food, it swells and begins to grow by producing tiny hyphae (threads). The hyphae form a tangled mass called a mycelium, which in turn produces aerial pyphae called stolons. Rootlike structures known as rhizoids anchor stolons in the food (Ammirati, par. 3). This is what allows the mold to stay on the food. By the time the mold appears to the eye on the surface of food, it has already penetrated into the food. Therefore, most molds are threadlike spores (USDA, par. 1). Mold is found in virtually every environment. It is found inside and outside. It is found throughout the year (USDA, par. 7). Mold grows in warm humid conditions. Outside, these may be shady damp areas where leaves and other materials are decomposing (USDA, par. 7). Mold can also grow in refrigerators because they can tolerant sugars and salts better than most other food invaders (USDA par. 15). There are different kinds of molds including blue molds which grow on breads, green molds which grow on cheese and water molds which live in water and soil (Ammirati, par. 2). Mold does not need light to grow but each kind of mold needs certain materials for growth (Pascoe 7). Mold is the only plant that does not have roots, leaves, flowers, or seeds (Pascoe 7). How is mold harmful? It is probably not surprising to learn that mold is potentially harmful. However, it may surprise one to learn that mold has been linked to types of cancer. Molds can cause problems as common as allergic reactions and respiratory problems (USDA, par. 5). Some another diseases that mold can cause are athletes foot, and ringworm in people, and various blights in plants (Pascoe 7). Some more serious if not treated diseases that mold can cause are dangerous forms of pneumonia and it can infect the lungs (Pascoe 17). Mold sometimes contains a poisonous substance called mycotoxins that can make you sick (USDA, par. 5). Mycotoxins are found primarily in grain and nut crops (USDA, par. 10). They are also found in celery, grape juice, apples, and other produce (USDA, par. 10). According to one source, as much as twenty-five percent (25%) of the worlds food crops are affected by mycotoxins (USDA, par. 10). Some mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin, can cause cancer. Mold is not something to mess arou nd with. How is mold beneficial? Despite its ugly appearance and potentially hazardous effects, mold can offer some great benefits. First of all, mold can be beneficial to the gardener. Leaf mold greatly improves the structure and water-holding capacity of soil. It also creates the perfect conditions for the community of beneficial organisms that dwell in your soil (Galloway, par.1). Leaf mold can hold up to 500 times its own weight in water which helps plants to retain moisture during the summer or dry season (Galloway, par.8). In a recent study they found that garden soil amended with leaf mold had a twenty percent(20%) lower bulk density than soil to which leaf mold was not added (Galloway, par.9). It also fertilizes soil by breaking down the dead organisms and waste material (Ammirati, par. 5). In the early 1900s, scientists had began working to develop drugs that could destroy microbes, but the substances that came out where either ineffective or dangerous (Cupp, par. 29). However, one day Penicillin which is made from Penicillium mold was invented (Ammirati, par. 5). Penicillium mold is green-gray color (Pascoe 29). It was invented accidentally by Sir Alexander Fleming, a British bacteriologist, in 1928 (Dauben, par. 38). His laboratory was in London (Souza 49). He noticed one day that a bit of mold of the genus Penicillium had contaminated a laboratory dish containing bacteria. All the bacteria had been killed around the mold (Dauben, par. 38). Therefore, mold would ultimately be used for a variety of medical problems. Not until the end of World War II (1939-45) was there enough of penicillium available to treat large numbers of patients (Souza 50). Another thing that mold is good for is eating. People may think why and who would eat mold? Some molds are used to make certain kinds of cheese. For example: Roquefort, blue, Gorgonzola, and Stilton (USDA, par. 14). The most recent discover is the new mechanism in the reproductive cycle of certain species of mold. This mechanism protects the organism from genetic abnormalities by silencing unmatched genes during meiosis (sexual reproduction). It is to help target unwanted genes such as the HIV Virus, and other serious diseases (ScienceDaily, Par. 1). Another thing that molds are useful for is it plays an important and helpful role in the cycle of life. The molds help breakdown the dead plants and animal material then it returns useful nutrients to the soil (Pascoe 6). Aspergillus blown mold doesnt help save lives but it is often used to produce that citric acid that gives some candies and soft drinks a lemony flavor, as well as to make soy sauce and a Japanese alcoholic drink called sake (Alvin Silverstein, Virginia Silverstein, and Robert Silverstein 47-48). The study of mold is not for the weak stomach. The greenish color and resulting decay of the food does not make it a very appealing subject to most. However, learning about mold, what it is, how it can be harmful and how it is beneficial can be rewarding. Mold has an interesting way of finding foods different from most other plant life. They also have a strange way of traveling, basically catching a ride, on breezes and air currents. The most disturbing things about mold is how sick it can make someone, but we mustnt forget there are benefits that have been found using mold in research to treat some types serious diseases. However, as I learned from my research, mold has its good and bad characteristics.

Demoiselles D’ Avignon Essay

During the 20th century the art form â€Å"Primitivism† was just taking shape. Any artist that wanted to paint in this style would look for inspiration from sculptures and masks of African and Polynesian origin (Yahoo.com, 2007). Spain’s distance to Africa played a huge role on this art styles coming about. Paul Cezanne took this style and adapted it to his work. You could say that primitive art was deeply influenced by the works of Paul Cezanne. Cezanne was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th century conception of artistic endeavor to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century (PaulCezanne.org, 2012). Pablo Picasso was one of those artists who were influenced by the works of Cezanne. You can see Cezanne’s influence in Picassos Demoiselles D’ Avignon. Through Picassos Demoiselles d’ Avignon he is able to reshape the art of the 20th century. Pablo Picasso w as born in 1881; he was a Spanish painter, draughtsman, and sculptor (PabloPicasso.org, 2009). He is one of the most recognized figures in 20th-century art. Picasso is best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and also for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work. Among his most famous paintings are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907) and Guernica (1937), his portrayal of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War (PabloPicasso.org, 2009). No painter had been as famous as Picasso leading up to the 20th century. To say that he is one of the best that ever lived is an understatement. During the early parts of the 20th century Picasso’s style varied as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas. Picasso also mastered all aspects of late century realist technique (PabloPicasso.org, 2009). Born to a father that was a painter Picasso was instilled with the tools and skills to succeed in art at a very early age. By the time he became the age of 14 Picasso had become an advanced student at the Barcelona Academy of fine Arts. Picasso’s art was like no other, you can see who he was influenced by but he always had his own twist. Picasso believed that the true meaning of art was to be derived from the works of other art, and not directly from nature (Renoirinc.com, 2008). Throughout his life his work was influenced by many different artists. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec’s and Paul Cezanne style of work can be seen in Picasso’s earlier work, during his â€Å"blue period† which lasted from (1901- 1904). After his â€Å"blue period was a period called the â€Å"rose period†. During which he painted harlequins and circus performers in a lighter and warmer color scheme, an underlying mood of spiritual loneliness and lyrical melancholy that marked his â€Å"blue† paintings was retained (Renoirinc.com, 2008). Picasso’s blue and rose periods vanished rather abruptly when he started the next phase of his career; both Picasso and Georges Braque began to lay the foundation of a new art form called cubism (Renoirinc.com, 2008). Cubism was the use of geometric shapes, interlocking planes. Astonished by the simplicity of pre-Christian Iberian bronzes and African sculpture, he and Braque began to work in a consciously primitive and monumental style that Picasso explored in sculpture as well as in painting (Renoirinc.com, 2008). He took these art forms combined them with the style that was first developed by Cezanne and produced Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (The Ladies of Avignon) was originally titled the Brothel of Avignon, was painted in 1907 Pablo Picasso. The painting is a portrait of five nude female prostitutes from a brothel in Barcelona. According to Wikipedia.com â€Å"Each figure is depicted in a disconcerting confrontational manner and none are conventionally feminine. The women appear as slightly menacing and rendered with angular and disjointed body shapes. Two are shown with African mask-like faces and three more with faces in the Iberian style of Picasso’s native Spain, giving them a savage aura† (Wikipedia.com, 2012). This portrait of Demoiselles was very controversial, because of that it led to wide anger and disagreement, even amongst his closest associates and friends (Wikipedia.com, 2012). When Picasso set out to paint this portrait I believe he wanted to make a statement. He could have painted anything; instead he chose to paint prostitutes. It wasn’t just the fact that painted these prostitutes it was also a big deal because of the manner and art form he chose to paint them in. Though this painting is controversial it opened the door for a new method of art style. When Picasso first began to sketch this painting he originally started the painting with men in it but by the end of the finished product he dropped the man and added the drapery in their place. The influence of â€Å"primitive art opened the door of to a radically new method of form and space (Kliener, 2006). When asked why he chose to portray the women the way he did Picasso said â€Å"I paint forms as I think them, not as I see them† (Kliener, 2006). Pablo Picasso had a tremendous influence on art. He is recognized as one of the most famous since Michelangelo. His work in pioneering Cubism established a set of pictorial problems, devices, and approaches, which remained important well into the 1950s (TheArtStory.org, 2012). Yes, cubism was there before Picasso decide to adapt the style but it wasn’t until he used the style in his own way did it really get the true recognition that it did. Picasso went through many stages in his career, from his works in the 1920s to his works in the 1940’s it took him to really put theses styles on the map. Pablo Picassos work lives on in many American artists. Taking a look at the artist Willem de Kooning and his work of monstrous women we will see him pay homage to the cubist women that were typically painted by Picasso. You will also see artist like Jackson Pollock reference Picasso by using bold black lines to outline figures in his work. Jasper Johns is a painter and sculptor, he is best known for his encaustic painting of flags and targets. Beside his works of flags and targets he also created dozens of works that incorporate elements directly from Picasso paintings – including nudes, mythical creatures, and portraits of women (artrevived.com). Pablo Picasso was a great artist, more like a jack of all trades. He was able to take art styles created by other people adapt it to his own style of work and make it amazing! He not only mad a claim on the people of his time but is still in some was very much alive in artist today. Picasso began his early work influenced by â€Å"primitivism† and â€Å"cubism† art and let the world influencing all the art of today. He not only mastered the works of artists before him and during his time he perfected it as well as opened the door for many different artists. Pablo Picasso had a huge influence on 20th century art. If we look at one of his most famous works of Les Demoiselles d’Avignon we will see how he was able to reshape the art of the 20th century. Referlles d’ Avignon. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d’Avignon

Reconstruction: American Civil War and Black Man Essay

What were the objectives and long term effects of Reconstruction on political, economic and social development of the United States? Reconstruction, literally meaning the rebuilding of the shattered nation, was a pivotal movement between 1865 and 1877 in which the South was trying to be readmitted into the Union as well as a moment in time where blacks were attempting to gain a redefined status in American society. The period of reconstruction during the later half of the 19th century consisted of two primary periods, known as presidential and radical reconstruction. Each one had its own unique goals and accomplishments; both however making significant advances for both South and the freedmen following the end of the civil war. Politically, economically, and socially, America was affected significantly in these areas during the Reconstruction era. Although successful in its pursuit of readmitting the South and redefining the status of the black man, the greater of the two accomplishm ents for the country as a whole was the rise in importance of the black man in American society. While political participation became one of the leading goals for blacks, who thought and believed was a significant part of the overall definition of freedom, following the end of the Civil War, the South was devastated economically but starting from almost nothing, the Union was able to reassemble eventually into a united nation socially. The vision of freedom during this era was quite controversial during this time, as no single man appeared to have an acceptable and clear definition that applied to the common man. As Congressman James Garfield mentioned in 1865, â€Å"What is freedom? Is it the bare privilege of not being chained? If this is all, then freedom is a bitter mockery, a cruel delusion.† The idea of freedom meant two separate things for the white and black man. African American’s definition of freedom was based on their experiences as slaves and what they observed around them in what they considered a free society. Public education and the sharing of righ ts and opportunities as other American citizens were some of the ideals that swept through the minds of the once previous slaves. Henry Adams, who was an emancipated slave in the state of Louisiana stated, â€Å"If I cannot do like a white man, I am not free†; a common theme for all blacks during this redefining stage of the black man. Succession from the Union created a difficult path for the South back into the Union following the end of the Civil War in 1866. One of the most  difficult objectives for the country as a whole was to gain the cooperation of the South in attempt to redefine the status of the black man; a goal that the South clearly and for good reason wanted no part of. Although not blatantly said before civil war broke out between the North and South, the war was fought over the debate of slavery. Therefore, as the North requested the South’s cooperation in honoring the goals and motives of this movement, there was an almost expected surge in opposition from those below the Mason-Dixie line. Social developments among the black communities created lasting effects upon American Soc iety which has lasted more than a century. Institutions like churches became centers for schools and social events, and almost a century later became strongholds for speeches that propelled the civil rights movement. The first black universities began to spring up across the country suck as Fisk University in Tennessee, Hampton University in Virginia, and Howard University in Washington D.C. Black family life which previously never existed came into existence. These social advances sparked the political and economical changes that would soon follow. Presidential Reconstruction, 1865 through 1867, consisted of a series of proclamations that had one goal, to reunite the nation. The man behind all the action, President Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, became the man in charge of the restoration of the Union. Although President Andrew Johnson once supported emancipation under Lincoln, this would soon change as he came into power. With the objective of admitting the South back into the Union, the president restored political and property rights through a series of pardons to all white southerners who agreed to take an oath of allegiance. Even though this pardon was meant to exclude leaders of the once confederates and wealthy planters, they were also given the opportunity to take an oath of allegiance. Furthermore, President Johnson appointed provisional governors to call state conventions that would create loyal governments. Unfortunately, these ‘loyal governments’ would become primarily infested with confederate leaders. The only rules that the South was required to abide by was the abolishment of slavery, reunite with the union, and pay confederated debt. But in turn, the president allowed the new governments to manage their local affairs; foreshadowing a disastrous outlook for the freedom movement of the black man. Soon after the end of the Civil War in 1865, Frederick Douglas said, â€Å"Sla very is not abolished  until the black man has the ballot.† Political participation became one of the leading goals for blacks, who thought and believed was a significant part of the overall definition of freedom. Having agreed to allow local governments in the South to govern their own affairs, this created a wall of opposition to this objective of political participation. Black codes, put into effect by southern governments to regulate blacks’ lives granted legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts. At the same time the black codes denied blacks voting rights and the ability to testify against whites in courts; ultimately creating a greater divide not only between the North and the South, but the North and the President of the United States. However, the ratification of the fourteenth amendment following the passing of the Civil Rights Bill in April of 1866 put citizenship into effect for all Americans, requiring the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans. This amendment stated that any state that denied the right for blacks to vote would have their representation in Congress reduced. This did not grant blacks the right to vote, however put political democracy in favor of the black community. The Reconstruction Act of 1867 marked the end of Presidential Reconstruction, and marked the beginning of a new period called Radical Reconstruction. This act along with the Tenure of Office Act, were just few of the political moves by Congress which characterized this time period. However most significant was the fifteenth amendment which under President Ulysses Grant in 1868 made it illegal to deny the right to vote based on race, literacy tests, property qualifications, and poll taxes. By 1870, the desire to have all states readmitted to the Union was completed. A few years previous of this, new state constitutions slowly started to form. Under these new state constitutions, the first established state-funded systems of free public education, prisons, orphanages, and institutions for the insane came to be. Further political action that affected American society which in some way or another has left an impact on society today is the Freedmen’s Bureau. This agency created in March of 1865 was put into place by Congress to establish schools, help the needy, settle disputes between blacks and whites, and finally maintain equal treatment for blacks and those loyal of the union in front of the courts. This bureau had a lasting impact, creating an astounding 3,000 schools, and ran hospitals that had been put into place  during the war. In addition, close to 250 blacks took office during the Reconstruction Era, marking a change in the direction of politics of the country as a whole. Following the end of the Civil War, the South was devastat ed economically. Numerous short-term effects became prominent, such as the situation with share cropping and the crop-lien system; two systems in which the black man as well as the white man came out as losers. However, due to the tremendous devastation that did take place railroads began to penetrate the South where investors and merchants took advantage of the ongoing situation. With the growing presence of the railroad companies in the South and their rapid expansion, towns and cities further inland became the market places for merchants and townsfolk. Cities like Atlanta for once were able to trade directly with the North. These cities expanded quickly and became enormous centers for great populations of people which are present today. Infrastructure, factories, and towns popped-up where they never would have existed without the introduction of the railroad. The Reconstruction Era was a period of time in American history which was represented by a country in shambles, a country divided not only b y the famous Mason-Dixie line but on grounds of ethics and morals. A country that had been devastated by war, and there existed points at which the conflict was not only between the North and South but also against the President of the United States like that of President Andrew Johnson. Starting from almost nothing, the Union was able to reassemble eventually into a united nation. The country was by no means unified on their perspectives such as politics or black’s place in society, but at least they were once again one union. Although unified once more, the reclassification of the black man in society far out-did the importance associated with readmitting the South into the Union. A country separated on accounts of civil war is by no means an easy situation to deal with. The process by which Congress and the North as well as South had to undergo in order to become what we now call the United States is no less than a marvel. But a greater success story can be found within the decade or so we call the Reconstruction Era. The freedom allotted to the black men that were once under white control is absolutely incredible. Not only was slavery abolished and black men allowed to vote thanks to the 15th amendment, but they finally took hold in American life with their own communities and establishments. There exists no other point  in American history besides the Revolutionary War that a group of people fought so hard, in desperation for their rights and the opportunity to live freely with the ability to reap nearly the same benefits as their counter parts, the white man. Within 12 years the black men were no longer slaves to a wealthy plantation owner, and no longer were they limited in society due to the belief that they were completely ignorant, but were now part of a nation that took significant progress in making blacks their equals. Although not perfect, an entire race was finally being recognized by society as a product-full part of society. A shattered nation was by no means an understatement in describing the condition of America following the Civil War. Not only having the overwhelming task of coming to terms of agreements with the succeeded states in order to re-unify the country, the country was also placed with another enormous situation, having to redefine the status of blacks in American Society. America has marveled many over its history, and has not let-up in its ability to amaze those in the accomplishments and advances made during this period of time. Whether it be the ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, or the fact that by 1870 the once divided nation was whole again. America has the ability to overcome even with the odds against them. The railroad system not only penetrated the South, but created a lasting impact like that of bustling towns which have now grown into tremendous cities such as Atlanta. Public education finally came to the forefront with the creation of Universities still prominent today like that of Fisk University. However far apart and at the same time inter-related the objectives of the Reconstruction Era were, the re-admittance of the South into the Union was not the highlight of the late 19th century, but masked by the success story of the redefining of the black man in American society.

Eddie Carbone and the tragedy of the common man Essays

Eddie Carbone and the tragedy of the common man Essays Eddie Carbone and the tragedy of the common man Paper Eddie Carbone and the tragedy of the common man Paper Arthur Millers play, A View from the Bridge, was a successful tragedy, when it appeared on Broadway in New York in 1955.Artur Miller, born in 1915 died in 2005. His father was a prosperous manufacturer until 1931, during the great depression, when his business failed and he became bankrupt. Miller briefly became a member of the communist party because of the failure of his fathers business then turned to a belief in socialism for the rest of his life. After graduating from the University of Michigan, Miller began to write plays. His marriage to Marilyn Monroe, the most famous movie actress of her era, lasted merely four years. Miller won the Nobel Prize for literature in recognition of his successful career as a dramatist. He is without doubt one of Americas finest playwrights. During the cold war the United States fear of the Soviet Union led to a witch hunt for communists. Miller, as a former communist and a socialist believing that it was the role of society to help those who cannot help themselves, was summoned before the senate sub-committee to answer questions about his political affiliations. From this experience his tragedy, The Crucible, arose, in which he uses the hunt for witches in Salem Massachusetts in the eighteenth century as an allegory of the hunt for communists in the 1950s. A View from the Bridge, written just two years later, is generally seen as a tragedy, in which the central character is driven to his ruin and death by his illicit passion for his niece. Miller believed that he was living in a tragic age, what with two world wars, depression and the cold war. What was new, he believed, was the possibility of a tragedy of a common man, rather than only kings and queens which it always had been, dating back to the first tragedies in ancient Greece. Furthermore, it would make the play something that ordinary people could relate to. The twentieth century was the age of democracy America didnt have a monarch and the ones left in the world no longer held any power. Therefore everyone in society could aspire to achieve power no matter what their background, and the way to achieve that power was through the accumulation of money. His plays mount attacks on the American dream that happiness is attainable through financial success, even for a common man like Eddie; his belief in that dream is the source of his tragedy Eddie Carbone does not only contribute to the tragedy of the play, he is the tragedy. Although other characters help to assist the tragedy, like Rodolfo and Catherine, most of it was brought on by Eddie himself. Therefore his death seems inevitable. Eddie Carbones problem was, as Alfieri the lawyer and narrator, to whom Eddie turns in distress, said, He wouldnt settle for half. Throughout the whole play, there was hardly an occasion when he would back down or compromise. This partly stems from his patriarchal Sicilian culture where the man of the house is the most important figure in the family and is never questioned. There was a strong belief in the importance of honour and the need to respond to any sleight upon it, as is very evident throughout the play. Eddie and his family live under the Brooklyn Bridge, in the slums of New York, a community called Red Hook. Eddie and all his neighbours were once illegal immigrants or the children of illegal immigrants who would have come to America with nothing, in the hope of achieving happiness and respect through material success. This idea of the American dream contributes to the tragedy, since Eddie was trying to give Marco and Rodolfo this chance of attaining the dream too. The two illegal immigrants were from impoverished post-war Sicily; they were cousins of Eddies wife Beatrice. It is ironic that what was originally a kind thing to do turned out to be his fatal mistake. In the opening scene we can clearly see that Eddie is the dominant figure within the family. Catherine defers to him and obeys his every word. She will do anything to please him, which is typical of a Sicilian family where the father is the head of the house: Listen you been given me the willies the way you walk down the street. Eddie, by modern standards, appears incredibly interfering and intrusive. Just the word listen illustrates the fact that he thinks hes very important. Eddie goes on to say, Im telling you youre walkin wavy. This is a strange way of putting it, as though the subject embarrasses him and he probably realises its not something a father should really be saying to a seventeen year old girl. He starts the sentence with Im telling you, a very over-powering way of starting the sentence, implying that the subject is not up for discussion. Catherines reaction to Eddies accusation is, Im walkin wavy? This shows how naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve she is, as though she cant believe what hes saying. Such a dominant figure as Eddie obviously doesnt expect to be questioned so snaps back: Dont aggravate me Katie, you are walkin wavy Eddie is not willing to compromise on the subject, so that is the end of it: The heads are turnin like windmills. Eddie doesnt like the attention Catherine gets from any man and what he probably means is that he cant stop looking at her himself. It makes him feel uncomfortable. Catherines behaviour torments him as he realises he should not be fancying her, but at the same time he doesnt want her having any other admirers the conflict consumes him and on the surface appears as if Eddies is merely over-protective towards Catherine.

Comparing Essays by Amy Tan and Adrienne Rich to My Own Experience †English Essay

Comparing Essays by Amy Tan and Adrienne Rich to My Own Experience – English Essay Free Online Research Papers Comparing Essays by Amy Tan and Adrienne Rich to My Own Experience English Essay Having immigrated from Malaysia, I find myself sometimes embarrassed of my Asian heritage. I would have moments like where I would be uncomfortable by my mother’s imperfect or â€Å"broken† (Tan, 261) English. This is similar to Amy Tan. In her essay, â€Å"Mother Tongue,† describes this discomfort vividly as she grew up. Being born in America but having immigrant parents from China, she showed scenes where she felt isolated by the cultural gulf that existed between them especially in their differing skill levels of the English language. Adrienne Rich, although having no such language barrier between her parents, faced her own similar problem. In her essay, â€Å"Split at the Root: An essay on Jewish Identity,† she illustrates her confusion at being half-Jewish and half-gentile. She did not completely belong in either circle and even showed scenes in which she denied both of her backgrounds. Eventually however, both authors found some semblance of peace in their cultures and embraced them. It was only with time and the experiences that came along with it, that the authors accepted their cultural backgrounds as an identity. In her childhood, Amy Tan was ashamed of her mother’s language. To her, her mother’s English â€Å"reflected the quality of what she had to say. That is because she expressed them imperfectly her thoughts were imperfect† (Tan, 262). Tan reiterates this point by showing general examples of the backlashes of her mother’s bad English, â€Å"(it was the reason) that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not giver her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her† (Tan, 262). However, later on in her life, Tan realizes she had perceived her mother wrong. She understands the English language more so than her speech might let on, â€Å"you should know that my mother’s expressive command of English belies how much she actually understands. She reads the Forbes report, listens to Wall Street Week, converses daily with her stockbroker, reads all of Shirley M aclaine’s books with ease † (Tan, 261- 262). Although humiliated earlier on in her life by her mother’s speech which she judged to be a sign of her stupidity, a keener observation by Tan revealed an intelligent, literate person despite her dialogue. This ability to see beyond the superficial passing of judgment by an immediate sense of hearing and truly grasping a person’s persona by her actions came only with age, evidenced by the contrasting views that Tan held during childhood and adulthood. Therefore, it was time that allowed the author to accept her mother’s speech. Similarly, Adrienne Rich found it difficult understanding and accepting her parents’ deficiencies. As a child, she had the part of Portia in the play The Merchants of Venice. When she spoke her lines to her father she was told to convey her lines with â€Å"more scorn and contempt with the word Jew†¦ I was encouraged to pretend to be a non-Jewish child acting a non-Jewish character who has to speak the word Jew emphatically. Such a child would not have had trouble with the part† (Rich, 209). Rich, whose father was Jewish, did not understand his reactions even stating her similarity with her character, â€Å"As a Jewish child who was also a female, I loved Portia† (Rich, 209). She however did notice â€Å"a kind of terrible, bitter bravado about my father’s way of handling this† (Rich, 209). It wasn’t until after her freshman year in college that she discovered answers about his feelings towards his own background. When questioned by R ich, her father replied, â€Å"I have never denied being a Jew† (Rich, 212). Despite this statement however, he still showed signs of bitterness towards his own religion evidenced by his anticipation and eventual frustration on not obtaining a promotion in his workplace, Johns Hopkins, â€Å"the appointment was delayed for years, no Jew ever having held a professional chair in that medical school. And he wanted it badly. It must have been a bitter time for him, since he had believed so greatly in the redeeming power of excellence†¦ with enough excellence, you could presumably make it stop mattering that you were Jewish† (Rich, 212-213). Rich’s initial confusion later evolved into an understanding of her father’s struggles of being Jewish. She recognized the reasons for his bitterness and scorn for his and ultimately her own background. Similar to Tan, it was only with age that she was able to acquire such insight. Therefore, only time aided in unders tanding and accepting her father. Where Amy Tan and Adrienne Rich differ is their stance on the role stereotypical assimilation has played in their personal identity. Amy Tan believed the stereotype of all Chinese being involved in science and math related careers fueled her to a career with English. Growing up, Tan scored higher on her math achievement tests than her English, â€Å"While my English skills were never judged as poor, compared to math, English skills were never considered my strong suits† (Tan, 263). She admits to the fact that the Chinese students have test results similar to hers â€Å"Asian students, as a whole, always do significantly better on math achievement tests than in English. And this makes me think that there are other Asian-American students who English spoken in the home might also be described as â€Å"broken† or â€Å"limited† (Tan, 263). This, however, did not stop Tan in pursuing a writing career and with time she became more strongly associated with her eventua l career, â€Å"I became an English major in my first year in college, after being rolled in pre-med. I started writing non-fiction as a freelancer the week after I was told by my former boss that writing was my worst skill and I should hone my talents toward account management† (Tan, 204). Although Tan’s tests showed a different variety of skills than the ones her career she eventually sought required, which were stereotypical for her race, she did chose to ignore them. She did not embrace the stereotype; different from embracing her culture. To have accepted her stereotype would have meant assimilating more into what the American society viewed the Chinese should have been doing, â€Å"Teachers†¦ steer (the Chinese) away from writing and into math and science† (Tan, 264). With age, she moved further away from the stereotype, being fueled by them at the same time. As a result of this time, she became a unique Chinese woman accepting her Chinese culture but not accepting her stereotype. Rich, in contrast, seemed to have been lost in her assimilation throughout her life. In her freshman year, she blatantly denied her Jewish culture to an immigrant Jewish weaver when asked about her background due to the â€Å"eighteen years of training in assimilation (that) sprang into†¦ reflex† (Rich, 211). This trend of denial due to her assimilation continues when she recounts a letter her mother had sent her which stated that Jewish woman were â€Å"fascinating† (Rich, 213). Although Rich agrees with her statement, she becomes conscious of the possible consequences of identifying with them, â€Å"I wonder if that isn’t one message of assimilation – of America – that the unlucky or the unachieving want to pull you backward, that to identity with them is to count downward mobility, lose the precious chance of passing, of token existence† (Rich, 213). Her assumptions of assimilation come to a head in the conclusion of her essay where s he states, â€Å"I feel the history of denial within me like an injury, a scar. For assimilation has affected my perceptions; those early lapses in meaning, those blanks, are with me still† (Rich, 215). This last statement, which states her admittance of the negative outcomes of her assimilation, still shows her realization of the denial of her culture after years of living through it. She states, after that statement that the essay is not a conclusion but â€Å"another beginning for me†¦ it’s a moving into accountability, enlarging the range of accountability† (Rich, 215-216). Therefore, although her assimilation had prompted her to deny her Jewish heritage, time had allowed her to realize this fault and rectify her mistakes. In both essays, the writers start out ashamed and afraid to let the world know about the backgrounds. For Amy Tan, it was her mother’s imperfect English. For Adrienne Rich, it was her Jewish background. Both writers matured later own and accepted who they are. I too had a situation similar to the writers. Today I no longer care about hiding my mother’s English. I accept that her English is not perfect and no longer do I feel ashamed when she is in front of my friends. As time passes, I think everyone matures and accepts their identities. 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Philosophies of social science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Philosophies of social science - Essay Example The essence of Kuhn’s ideas when it comes to a scientific revolution is a paradigm shift which causes fundamental changes in the way science is approached by the scientists of the time. A scientific revolution as defined by Doppelt (2006) is: â€Å"A large-scale change in the fundamental concepts, theories, or methods that scientists in some area of inquiry employ to understand the course of nature. Such a change is also thought to be revolutionary in so far as it provokes similarly dramatic alterations in the way lay-people see the world around them (Doppelt, 2006, Pg. 3)†. The Cartesian revolution certainly fits the bill in this case since it brought about significant changes in how fundamental concepts were addressed. For instance the approach taken by Descartes to the world around him was unique to the extent that he wanted to see everything as seeing it for the first time. The ideas presented by Descartes can be summed as being in doubt about everything which is not already known to him in a perfect sense. The only thing that he does not doubt is his personal ability to be cognizant of himself and his ability to think about the things which surround him (Pessin, 2007). However, his notion of science begins with a disbelief in the senses which is certainly a paradigm shift from the earlier natural philosophers such as Plato or Aristotle who had firm belief in some value of their senses. Descartes doubts that anything is actually as his senses tell him as they are. Essentially, all that Descartes is surrounded by could be a just dream or created imagery which is forced upon him by some other (more powerful) being while the reality of things could be quite different (Pessin, 2007). The doubts about his senses and the material world as expressed by Descartes go far beyond the simple doubts a person would have about being what day it is or what date it was a week ago. The scientific approach taken

Managing the Asian Meltdown Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Managing the Asian Meltdown - Case Study Example As a result of the country developing as a major industrial nation, the country begun to receive pressure from other economic powers in relation to liberalizing its economy (Corning 3). The labor, on the other hand benefited from Korea’s developmental state by mainly improving the Chaebol businesses and privileges for the labor unions. The Chaebol amassed more assets, which they used as collaterals to secure loans. In addition, the expansion in terms of development during the 1980s, created a favorable environment for labor and guaranteed a lifetime employment (Corning 3). The collapse of the Hanbo Steel was significant in the sense that it contributed to the collapse of other four group companies, and almost brought down the Korea First. Further, the collapse of the Hanbo Steel was significant in terms of revealing the problems that existed with the Korea’s financial system (Corning 3). On another note, the term â€Å"connected lending† in this context, means the focus by the Korean banks on lending loans for expansion to the Chaebol without considering the financial risk of accumulating bad loans. The country’s current account deficit increased inn 1996 as a result of a slowdown in exports. The government and investor’s view of the country’s economic development revolved around a lack of questioning the economic model (Corning 4). Further, the term â€Å"Asian contagion† means the spread of tensions related to the economic crises that caused investors to explore other financial markets. Korea’s initial position in regard to the assistance from IMF involved a focus on improving the depreciating won that was sending investors away to other financial markets(Corning 5). The person who contributed to the IMF-brokered bailout was Michel Camdessus, and the funds were to be used to replenish the country’s foreign-currency reserves so as to improve the